Entonces… para poder comunicarnos en un idioma extranjero, ya sea el alemán o cualquier otro, la mayoría de los expertos dicen que hay que entender al menos unas 8.000 palabras y ser capaz de utilizar unas 2.000.
En los primeros años de la redacción del famoso diccionario alemán Duden a finales de los años 90, el léxico de la lengua alemana estándar se estimaba entre 300.000 y 400.000 palabras. Pero, según una reciente evaluación de la colección electrónica de textos de Duden, se pudieron contabilizar 17 millones de palabras diferentes en su forma básica, es decir, no declinada.
Recuerda que en esta lista introductoria los verbos están colocados en modo infinitivo y luego te damos un ejemplo del verbo usado en una situación real mediante un video de la biblioteca de Yabla alemán.
Los verbos que se indican a continuación se encuentran entre los más útiles, y ten en cuenta que el significado en español que se muestra sólo puede ser uno de los varios posibles.
Ahora, cinco verbos más:
Machen (hacer)
Das machen wir heute.
Eso hacemos hoy.
Subtítulo 44, Deutschkurs in Tübingen Satzbau - Part 1
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Sagen (decir)
Cool. Und du sagst, es ist eine Serie.
Genial y dices que es una serie.
Subtítulo 8, Nicos Weg A2 Folge 66: Der Film war toll!
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Kommen (venir)
Wo kommt ihr denn her?
¿De dónde venís vosotros?
Subtítulo 50, Großstadtrevier St. Pauli rettet HSV - Part 9
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Sehen (ver)
Aha, doch bin alleine, denn sie sieht mich nicht
Aha, pero estoy solo, porque ella no me ve
Subtítulo 38, Cro Traum
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Finden (encontrar)
Bestimmt finden wir sie wieder.
Seguramente los encontraremos de nuevo.
Subtítulo 4, Peppa Wutz Einkaufen und mehr - Part 2
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Aprendizaje adicional.
Ahora que ya tienes diez (10) verbos en la lista, continúa con la tarea de conjugarlos con todos los pronombres personales en tiempo presente pero también en el llamado pretérito perfecto compuesto de uso muy frecuente en el alemán y el cual te explicaremos en una próxima lección.
German, like many languages, uses a lot of idioms referring to animals. You've probably heard some similar English expressions like "I'm in the dog house," or "to let the cat out of the bag." Let's take a look today at some more German animal expressions, as continued from Part I.
Mann, du schläfst ja wie ein Bär!
Man, you sleep like a bear!
Caption 21, Meine Freundin Conni: Conni schläft im Kindergarten
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You occasionally see the idiom "to sleep like a bear" in English, but the far more common phrase is "to sleep like a log." Bears hibernate much of the winter, thus it means to sleep very deeply. Logs don't sleep at all, of course, but it suggests a person is sleeping so deeply and heavily that they resemble a log.
Sie will wissen, wie der Hase läuft.
She wants to be more experienced.
The literal translation is "to know how the hare runs." The expression has nothing to do with speed (hares being fast runners), but rather with the knowledge of knowing how they run so quickly. Thus the idiom means to have experience, knowledge, or wisdom. This is related to the next expression:
Du bist ein alter Hase.
You are very experienced.
Caption 33, Oskar: Gehen, wenn es am schönsten ist
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"To be an old hare" means you have a lot of experience, and is similar to the English expression "an old hand."
Judith hat doch hier mit ihrem Projekt fabulös die Kuh vom Eis geholt.
After all, Judith has, with her project here, saved the situation fabulously.
Captions 27-28, Lerchenberg: Sascha hautnah
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The literal translation is "to fetch the cow from the ice," meaning to have saved a precarious situation from disaster. Cows, as we saw in the previous lesson, are widely considered to be stupid animals, so it's no surprise that such sayings have them wandering out onto thin ice!
Ich bin tierisch reich.
I'm very rich.
Caption 15, Die Prinzen_ Alles nur geklaut
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Victorian English, at least judging from period films, made common use of the term "beastly" as an idiom meaning "very." So you'll have an Arctic explorer on the verge of freezing to death saying something like "I say, old chap, it's beastly cold up here!" The word sounds strange to modern ears, however, and is best translated with the simple "very."
Further Learning
Go to Yabla German and watch the above videos to get a better idea of the contexts in which they have been used. You can also search the Redensarten-Index for more animal expressions. It's a good site to bookmark if you come across a German idiom whose meaning isn't clear!
At one point, we wrote a lesson on the difference between eröffnen and öffnen. The verb öffnen is basically what it sounds like, while the verb eröffnen can also be used with non-physical entities that can be "opened," as well as something that is established or instituted.
When it comes to closing something, you probably know the word schließen. And just as aufmachen can substitute for öffnen, zumachen is another verb used to talk about closing something.
Jetzt schließe ich meinen Koffer.
Now, I'll close my suitcase.
Caption 22, Christiane: fährt in den Urlaub
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Die Polizei sagt, er solle seinen Kofferraum aufmachen.
The police officer says he should open his trunk.
Caption 4, Sabine erzählt Witze: Die Pinguine
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Wenn keine Tür da ist, kann man sie auch nicht zumachen.
If there is no door, you can't close it either.
Caption 26, Piggeldy und Frederick: Haus
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That is all relatively simple, but when it comes to locking and unlocking something like a door, there are many more verbs you can use, such as aufschließen, zuschließen, verschließen, and abschließen. The first two are similar to aufmachen and zumachen, but would refer to something that is shut very securely or locked. You may know the verb abschließen as "to finish" or "to conclude," but it can also mean "to lock up." Interestingly, aufgeschlossen is also an adjective used to describe a person being "open" or "receptive."
Frankreich plant nachzuziehen und auch London will aufschließen.
France plans to follow suit and London wants to open [its financial markets] up as well.
Caption 41, Frankfurt wird Handelszentrum für die chinesische Währung Yuan
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Die Schachtel ist total sicher verschlossen.
The box is completely and securely shut.
Caption 58, The Simple Physics: Schrödingers Katze
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Also, die Leute sind sehr aufgeschlossen.
Well, the people are very receptive.
Caption 7, Eva Croissant: Interview
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It then gets even more specific, with verbs like entriegeln and entsperren, which could also mean "unlatch" or "unbolt."
Maik gibt den vierstelligen Code ein und entriegelt das Schloss.
Maik enters the four-digit code and unlocks the lock.
Caption 28, Fußballspieler Maik Franz: "Call a Bike"
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Further Learning
You can find many examples of these verbs on Yabla German, which is the best way to understand the nuances in their meaning. You can also look up the list of possible translations for each verb with an online dictionary like leo.org to get a sense of this as well. While you're at it, consider aufsperren and zusperren, two additional verbs more often used in Southern Germany. Based on the other verbs you have learned, what do you think these mean?
German, like many languages, uses a lot of idioms referring to animals. You've probably heard the English expression "I'm hungry as a horse" or the term "snail mail." What these expressions have in common in all languages is that they refer to some quality that is associated in that culture with a specific animal: Horses eat a lot of food and snails move very slowly—always compared to humans, of course. Let's take a look today at some German animal expressions.
Wohl aufs falsche Pferd gesetzt, hm?
Probably bet on the wrong horse, hm?
Caption 19, Marga Engel schlägt zurück Der Engel von Leipzig
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This one is easy, because English has the same saying with the same meaning: "to make a wrong decision," or "to support something that failed." It comes from racetrack betting or investing in a racehorse.
Wisst ihr, was ich der blöden Kuh gesagt habe?
Do you know what I said to the stupid cow?
Caption 28, Weihnachtsfilm Ein Sack voll Geld
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Cows are always being accused of being stupid, but since it's usually male humans who call women "stupid cows," perhaps it's really such men who are stupidly sexist. Thankfully, this awful expression in English is mostly confined to Britain, an island just outside of Europe. Sadly, the Germans seem to have adopted it—though perhaps it was the Germanic Saxons who first introduced it to Britain after all!
Sind die dummen Esel die Menschen und die richtigen Esel die Tiere?
Are the dumb donkeys the people and the real donkeys the animals?
Caption 15, Piggeldy und Frederick Der Esel
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If you call somebody an Esel in German, it means you think they are stupid or stubborn, similar to the English phrase "as stubborn as a mule." Mules are half donkey and half horse, of course. Piggeldy is making the point that perhaps it's humans who are dumb, and not donkeys. But of course Piggeldy is only a cartoon pig. Speaking of which...
„Wir haben ganz schön Schwein gehabt", sagte Frederick,
"We were very lucky," said Frederick,
Caption 33, Piggeldy und Frederick Reise nach Schweinebrück
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The literal translation of Schwein haben is "to have a swine" (or "pig"), but it means "to be very lucky." The saying apparently comes from old German festivals of marksmanship, where the worst shot was given a piglet as a consolation prize. So despite Schwein being a common German insult, the pig was considered a valuable possession in earlier times and thus meant business income and luck.
„Gibt es viele arme Schweine?“, fragte Piggeldy.
"Are there lots of poor swine?" Piggeldy asked.
Caption 21, Piggeldy und Frederick Arm
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Piggeldy, a cartoon pig, is literally asking if there are a lot of "poor swine" in the world. The joke intended here is that armes Schwein, figuratively spoken, means a person who is worthy of sympathy, as something bad has happened to them. Thus, Piggeldy is also asking if there are a lot of unfortunate people. It's similar to the English expressions "poor bastard," "poor wretch," or "poor devil."
Further Learning
Go to Yabla German and watch the above videos to get a better idea of the contexts in which they have been used. And remember, it's rude to call somebody a blöde Kuh, but it can show sympathy if you call somebody an armes Schwein. Funny isn’t it, how in German, calling somebody a pig can be a nice thing!
Ahora les presento un pequeño abrebocas para saborear el maravilloso mundo verbal del alemán. Se trata de una lista de verbos elaborada en base a la frecuencia de uso que tienen. Es una lista referencial que para ser exhaustiva tendría que contener al menos un centenar de ellos, pero para comenzar te damos diez verbos los cuales escucharás a diario.
Los verbos de la lista serán colocados en su forma original, lo que conocemos como el modo infinitivo y luego se ofrecerá un ejemplo del verbo conjugado tomado de algún video de la biblioteca de Yabla alemán.
Asimismo, seleccionamos verbos que se usan frecuentemente en su forma más simple, porque en alemán muchos verbos, la mayoría de las veces, se usan con preposiciones añadidas delante de la raíz en lo que se denomina como prefijo separable o inseparable, pero ese aspecto lo detallaremos en una lección posterior.
Ahora, los primeros cinco verbos:
Verstehen (entender)
Ich verstehe Sie deutlich.
Lo entiendo claramente.
Subtítulo 47, Janoschs Traumstunde Post für den Tiger - Part 3
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Gehen (ir)
Sascha! -Sascha! Wohin gehst du? Sascha!
¡Sascha! -¡Sascha! ¿Adónde vas? ¡Sascha!
Subtítulo 20, Lerchenberg Sascha hautnah - Part 2
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Sprechen (Hablar)
Sie sprechen über Nespresso, stimmt's? -Ja.
Están hablando de Nespresso, ¿es cierto? -Sí.
Subtítulo 11, Deutsch lernen mit George Nespresso - was sonst?
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Essen (comer)
Ab morgen essen wir gesund.
A partir de mañana comemos sano.
Subtítulo 13, Nicos Weg A1 Folge 68: Ist das gesund?
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Trinken (beber)
Wir trinken Wein an meinem Fenster
Bebemos vino en mi ventana
Subtítulo 5, Philipp Dittberner Das ist dein Leben
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Cabe decir además que, como en otros idiomas, el alemán tiene verbos fundamentales que sirven de base a la gramática de ese idioma, y que, por ende, son herramientas indispensables para expresarte.
Por ejemplo, verbos como ser o estar (sein), convertirse/ llegar a ser (werden), tener
(haben) y los verbos modales können (poder), müssen (deber/tener que), sollen (deber de obligación), dürfen (poder/tener permiso), möchten (querer/gustar) y wollen (querer) forman parte del repertorio inicial de cualquier estudiante del alemán.
Con los verbos fundamentales, los verbos modales y los verbos de uso frecuente estarás preparado para aprender estructuras lingüísticas más complejas.
Te invitamos a leer la segunda parte de esta lección.
Tschüss!
In English, we have the words "simple," "easy," "difficult," and "hard." German similarly has its own adjectives with nuanced meanings. You have likely seen einfach used both as an adjective most often meaning either "simple," "basic," or "easy," and also as an adverb meaning "simply," "basically," or "just."
Im Grunde ist es also ganz einfach.
So basically it's quite simple.
Caption 34, Deutsch mit Eylin: Doppellaute
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Natürlich kann man auch einfach nur spazieren gehen.
Of course, one can also simply just go for a walk.
Caption 10, Berlin: Eva im Viktoriapark
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The adjective schwierig can also mean "tricky" more than truly hard or difficult.
Und es ist schwierig, diese Dinge anzusprechen.
And it is difficult to talk about things.
Caption 37, Die Wohngemeinschaft: Probleme
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You may have noticed that the same adjectives used to describe weight apply to ease and difficulty. The adjective leicht also means "light" (again, this is in terms of weight, not in terms of color, which would be hell). The adjective schwer has a whole host of meanings, including "heavy," "difficult," "severe," "grave," and "arduous."
Sie bleiben gerne in der Deckung umgestürzter Bäume, wo sie der Hecht nicht so leicht erwischt.
They like to stay under the cover of fallen trees, where the pike can't catch them so easily.
Captions 17-18, Alpenseen: Kühle Schönheiten
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„Nichts leichter als das“, antwortete Frederick.
"Nothing easier than that!" answered Frederick.
Caption 4, Piggeldy und Frederick: Aufräumen
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Die können sich noch an andere schwere Zeiten erinnern.
They can still remember other difficult times.
Caption 11, Angela Merkel: Solidarität der Generationen in Coronakrise
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Clueso lässt sich immer noch schwer einordnen.
Clueso still remains difficult to categorize.
Caption 41, Clueso: ist endlich erwachsen
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Sie sehen als Erste die Kranken und wie schwer manche Verläufe der Infektion sind.
You are the first to see the sick and how severe some courses of the infection are.
Captions 6-7, Coronavirus: Fernsehansprache von Angela Merkel
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There's one more word that should be mentioned, which is the adjective simpel. Be careful: this word does mean "simple," but is also used negatively to express that something is simplistic or limited.
Es ist eigentlich ganz simpel.
It is actually very simple.
Caption 34, Deutschkurs in Tübingen: Verben der 2. Kategorie
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Further Learning
When you see one of these adjectives in a sentence on Yabla German, ask yourself whether one of the others could be swapped in. Sometimes something will be either leicht, einfach, or simpel, but not all three, and the same goes for schwierig and schwer.
English, as a Germanic language, has many words that are originally derived from German. Many of these words have had their roots in the English language for over a thousand years, but there are also German words that have been adopted by English speakers much more recently. Let's take a look at some of these German latecomers today!
The German noun die Angst, as used in the phrase Angst vor etwas haben, is commonly translated as "to be scared," "to be afraid," or "to be frightened," but only occasionally as the English word "angst." The reason for this is that the English word is often used in a more intellectual context when writing about art, sociology, or psychology. In English, it's not merely "being afraid" in the German sense of Angst haben, but rather, as the Oxford dictionary describes it, "a feeling of deep anxiety or dread, typically an unfocused one about the human condition or the state of the world in general." English seems to have adopted "angst" in order to give it a meaning far more specific than plain old "being afraid."
Die typischen deutschen Gerichte sind immer so einfach. Bratwurst, Currywurst, alles immer mit Wurst.
The typical German dishes are always so simple. Bratwurst, currywurst, everything always with wurst.
Captions 31-33, Nicos Weg: Essen gehen
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As you see above, the English versions of the German nouns follow English rules for lowercase capitalization. A good code-switching pun—if there is such a thing as a good pun—will take us from bad to Wurst. Actually, since "wurst" is English too, it's not even code-switching unless you capitalize the noun and format it as italics!
Dort auf der von ihm legendär besungenen geilen Meile Reeperbahn steht seit mehr als einem Jahr sein Doppelgänger aus Wachs.
There on the lecherous Reeperbahn mile, which he famously sung about, his doppelgänger made of wax has been standing for more than one year.
Captions 13-14, 65 Jahre: Udo Lindenberg
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According to Merriam-Webster, the preferred American English spelling of this is with the umlaut ä, though doppelganger with a standard English "a" is also an accepted spelling. The Brits, however, want nothing to do with an umlaut—another German word found in English by the way—and only accept the spelling "doppelganger." Well, more umlauts for us Americans then!
Auf der Konsumgütermesse Tendence in Frankfurt dominiert Kitsch viele Stände.
At the consumer products trade show "Tendence" in Frankfurt, kitsch dominates many booths.
Caption 2, Auftrumpfen: Mit Kitsch und Protz
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Back when I was a kid in the last millennium or before, a friend of mine with German parents showed me one of his parent's German books about kitsch, and a new word entered our everyday vocabulary. It made us sound smarter than we probably were to say "Oh, that's kitschy" instead of "Oh, that's trashy" or "that's tacky." Anyway it probably impressed our small-town American teachers, who may not have even known what it meant themselves!
Tja, Schadenfreude ist eben doch die schönste Freude.
Well, schadenfreude is still the best kind of enjoyment.
Caption 36, Umweltlernen: Propellerpflanzen am Kräutertag
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One could argue that the German invention of the word Schadenfreude, which means "a pleasure derived from the pain of others," says some not very nice things about German culture. But it could also be argued that it shows how the German culture had accurate insight into the human psyche, and this as early as the first appearance of the word in 1740. According to some studies, schadenfreude has been observed in children as young as 24 months of age. Hopefully, humans will eventually evolve beyond such sordid pleasures and develop a better sense of empathy for their fellow human beings, even those they dislike.
Further Learning
A number of German words adopted by English tend to be used much more often in written English than in spoken English, which is why you may not find them so often in Yabla German videos. Look up the words die Gestalt, die Weltanschauung, and der Weltschmerz in the DWDS dictionary, then compare them to their English equivalents in an English dictionary. Are the meanings nearly identical, such as Bratwurst (bratwurst) and Doppelgänger (doppelgänger) are? Or are they somewhat different, as Angst (angst) is?
If you are familiar with über ("above," "over," "across") and hinaus ("out," "afield"), the fact that über hinaus (also darüber hinaus) is often translated as "beyond" may not surprise you. Like in English, it can be used to talk about physical distance, or be used in a similar context to außerdem, which means "additionally" or "moreover."
Es ging über die Wiese hinaus in die große, weite Welt.
It went across the meadow, out into the big, wide world.
Caption 49, Märchen - Sagenhaft: Das hässliche Entlein
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Ist die Drohne auch mit einer Kamera ausgestattet, muss ihr Besitzer darüber hinaus noch mehr beachten.
If the drone is also equipped with a camera, its owner must additionally pay even more attention.
Captions 36-37, Rhein-Main-TV: Strengere Regeln - Lohnt sich eine Drohne überhaupt noch?
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...und vielleicht noch darüber hinaus mit verschiedenen Medien zu arbeiten.
...and maybe even beyond that, working with different kinds of media.
Caption 50, Sprachschulen: Sprachcaffe Frankfurt
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Although it may look similar, über hinweg cannot be used interchangeably with über hinaus. It is often translated with "over" or "through" and can be used to talk about time passing. Take a look:
Für Menschen sind Tiere oft treue Begleiter und helfen über so manche einsame Stunde hinweg.
Animals are often loyal companions for people, and help them through many a lonely hour.
Captions 1-2, Für Tierfreunde: Wohin mit Tieren wenn Besitzer sterben
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Wir haben mit den vierten Klassen über ein ganzes Jahr hinweg zu unterschiedlichen Themen gearbeitet...
Over the course of an entire year, we have worked on various themes with the fourth grade class...
Captions 11-12, Erstes Frankfurter „Schuljahr der Nachhaltigkeit“: Abschlussfeier
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As you can see, both of the examples above refer to time, and not to distance or extent. But in this next example, über hinaus very clearly means "over" and "away":
Eines Tages wird es so weit sein, und bis dahin träume ich mich über die Mauer hinweg zu dir.
One day it will be the case, and until then I will dream myself over the wall to you.
Caption 29, Lilly unter den Linden: Umzug in die DDR
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Further Learning
Go to Yabla German and make sure you understand how these phrases are used in a sentence. For each sentence you see, consider which other word could be used and what this says about the meaning of über hinaus or über hinweg in that particular context.
Yabla published a lesson on Valentine's Day in Germany a few years ago, but we thought it would be timely to address the topic again as we have a lot of newer videos that mention the holiday. Valentine's Day in Germany is not as popular as it is in some countries, but it's getting celebrated more every year.
Heute ist Valentinstag, deswegen treffen sich heute bestimmt besonders viele Leute hier.
Today is Valentine's Day, so there are bound to be a lot of people here today.
Captions 7-8, Valentinstag: in Karlsruhe
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The first part is literally true, since this lesson was sent out on Valentine's Day!
Valentinstag find ich ganz gut. Mit wem willst du denn Valentinstag feiern?
I think Valentine's Day is pretty good. Who do you want to celebrate Valentine's Day with?
Captions 31-32, Nicos Weg: Feste und Feiertage
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This can, of course, be the question if you're single. Maybe it's a good time to be brave and give somebody you like a nice platonic-ish Valentine's card–but only if it's in the appropriate circumstances, like maybe not in the workplace.
Die Floristen wappnen sich für den Valentinstag.
The florists are gearing up for Valentine's Day.
Caption 3, Rhein-Main-TV: Vorbereitungen für Valentinstag laufen
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Your local florist, like many small businesses, has probably suffered a lot during the pandemic. This is a great time to give them some support if you can afford it–even if the flowers are for yourself!
Valentinstag ist ein Hochbetriebstag, an dem]einfach ganz viele Menschen kommen, die für ihre Liebste oder ihren Liebsten Blumen kaufen.
Valentine's Day is a peak day when a lot of people simply come who are buying flowers for their sweethearts.
Captions 6-9, Rhein-Main-TV: Vorbereitungen für Valentinstag laufen
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Of course, you want to be very sure before you buy somebody flowers, but as we mentioned above, in the worst case scenario, buy some for yourself. And no, it's not "sad," it's self-affirming!
In Deutschland gilt der Valentinstag erst seit den 1950er Jahren als Tag der Freundschaft.
In Germany, Valentine's Day has been observed as a day of friendship only since the 1950s.
Caption 14, Valentinstag: in Karlsruhe
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But Valentine's Day is, in fact, becoming so popular in Germany that...
...laut einer Umfrage des Verbraucherforums Mydealz erwarten rund 60% der Deutschen auf jeden Fall ein Geschenk von ihrem Partner oder von ihrer Partnerin.
...according to a survey by the consumer forum Mydealz, around 60% of Germans definitely expect a gift from their partner.
Captions 40-42, Rhein-Main-TV: Vorbereitungen für Valentinstag laufen
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Further Learning
Go to Yabla German and watch the full videos above to see the context in which these expressions about Valentine's day have been used.
Recapitulando…
-Los casos son variaciones de forma que experimentan las palabras. En el
alemán los casos se representan con sufijo, en la parte final de cada palabra.
Así el artículo masculino der, se puede transformar en den y en dem, según el caso.
-Declinar, por tanto, …….es modificar la parte final de una palabra de acuerdo a un caso.
-Cada caso es como un marco, como una caja que contiene una función gramatical (sujeto, objeto, complemento).
Como se vio en el anterior ejemplo, el artículo determinado masculino singular der, cuando entra en un marco, en una caja, se convierte en den, y si va aún a otro marco, a otra caja se convierte en dem.
El caso nominativo.
El caso nominativo es uno de los casos gramaticales comunes a muchas lenguas. Se utiliza principalmente para indicar a los sustantivos que son los sujetos de las oraciones. Los sustantivos en este caso pueden tener propiedades de género y número.
Los textos de referencia suelen utilizar el caso nominativo de los sustantivos. Los diccionarios del alemán, en los que el género es importante y está marcado por un artículo, suelen incluir ese artículo además del sustantivo en caso nominativo.
El nominativo es el caso “de fábrica”, por decirlo de manera divertida. Cada vez que nombramos una palabra, estamos usando el caso nominativo. Por ello, muchos dicen que es el más sencillo de los cuatro casos del alemán.
Der Baum... der Baum ist so wunderschön.
El árbol... el árbol está tan bonito.
Subtítulo 7, Jahreszeiten Der Frühling
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Un sustantivo o un pronombre y el respectivo artículo bastan para elaborar una frase con el caso nominativo.
Das Auto ist rot, aber es ist nicht groß, es ist klein.
El coche es rojo, pero no es grande, es pequeño.
Subtítulo 5, Nicos Weg A1 Folge 24: Das Auto ist rot
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Das Auto ist rot, aber es ist nicht groß, es ist klein.
Cuando usamos el verbo sein (ser o estar) o werden (llegar a ser, volverse) para definir o describir, estamos de seguro frente a una oración con caso nominativo.
Die Sonne scheint nach tausend Nächten
El sol brilla después de mil noches
Subtítulo 26, Christina Stürmer Wir leben den Moment
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En resumen, todo aquello que corresponde al sujeto de la oración está enmarcado en el caso nominativo. Pero recuerda, en una oración puedes encontrar varios casos a la vez.
Eso lo veremos en la próxima parte de esta lección.
German has a reputation for being a difficult and rough language, but there are in fact some words and constructions that are particularly lovely and not found in any other language. Let's have a look!
First of all, there are a number of nouns that are quite charming, including compound nouns. In what other language do you have words for a sense of happiness found when hiking, or being as happy as a poodle? Or what about the word for lightbulb, which literally translates as "glowing pear?"
Ein Mitbringsel gibt es für die Familie dann aber doch.
But there is a little present then for the family, nonetheless.
Caption 13, Katherine Heigl: Sie liebt deutsches Essen
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Die Biker fühlen sich pudelwohl hier zwischen S-Bahn und Autos
The bikers feel as happy as poodles here between the S-Bahn and cars,
Caption 48, Pumptrack: Rad fahren, ohne zu treten
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Zum Gipfelglück führt nur ein schmaler Grat durchs ewige Eis.
Enjoyment of the summit is only reachable by a narrow ridge, through eternal ice.
Caption 7, Die letzten Paradiese: Die Schönheit der Alpen 1
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...der typische Morgenmuffel namens Geli.
...a typical morning grouch by the name of Geli.
Caption 17, Galileo: So kommt man morgens leichter aus dem Bett
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Hier ist die Fassung und da ist die Birne. Kann man rein- und rausschrauben. -Ist eine Glühbirne.
Here is the socket and there is the bulb. You can screw it in and out. -It's a light bulb.
Captions 23-24, Unterwegs mit Cettina: auf dem Bruchsaler Weihnachtsmarkt - Part 2
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Then there is the ending -chen. You are probably already familiar with several words that simply have this ending, such as das Mädchen, das Hähnchen, or das Bisschen. But like the ending -lein, -chen is used to create diminutive forms, and there are many words that can be transformed with this suffix. Let's have a look.
As mentioned, these two words ending in -chen are simply standard German words:
Ein Junge und ein Mädchen, fünf Jahre und zwei Jahre.
A boy and a girl, five years old and two years old.
Caption 60, Cettina: interviewt Mütter
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Glaubst du, du wirst dort ein leckeres Hähnchen grillen?
Do you think you will grill a delicious chicken there?
Caption 38, Konjugation: Das Verb „grillen“
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In these next two examples, you can see that das Männchen can mean "the little man," in this case referring to small statues. However, it also can refer to the male of a species, in this case a male woodpecker:
Ja, richtig. Aus dem Ampelmännchen ist eine dreidimensionale Skulptur geworden.
Yes, exactly. A three dimensional sculpture has emerged from the little traffic light man.
Caption 2, 25 Jahre Wiedervereinigung: Ampelmännchen wird Einheitsmännchen
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Bei der Zimmererarbeit wechseln Männchen und Weibchen einander ab.
When it comes to carpentry work, males and females take turns.
Caption 35, Die letzten Paradiese Schätze der Natur: Südtirol
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This next example brings up a good point, which is that many diminutive forms result in the addition of an umlaut:
Aus dem „Hund“ wird dann ein „Hündchen“.
From "dog," we then get "little dog."
Caption 31, Deutsch mit Eylin: Umlaute - Part 1
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As you may have noticed, all of these words have the article das. While Mark Twain may have been quite critical of "the girl" having a neuter article rather than a feminine one, you have to admit it's quite convenient that they all follow the same pattern!
Further Learning
In addition to what you can find on Yabla German, there is a massive list of nouns that end with -chen on Wikipedia. Have a look! On Yabla, pay special attention to how the -chen ending is pronounced by native speakers, using the slow playback function if necessary.
In Part I of "Expressions using Tisch," we explored a number of German idioms that use the noun der Tisch. Let's take a look at some more of them today!
Wo ist denn der Herr Schöller? -Zu Tisch mit Herrn Fischer.
Where is Mr. Schöller? -Eating with Mr. Fischer.
Captions 26-27, Marga Engel schlägt zurück: Hochmut kommt vor dem Fall
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In the above example, the speaker dropped the verb, but the full sentence would read Herr Schöller ist zu Tisch mit Herrn Fischer. The phrase zu Tisch sein could also be translated more literally as "at the table," but in German it is, perhaps even more so than in English, suggesting that they are eating a meal.
Dann ist das gleich vom Tisch.
Then it'll be resolved soon.
Caption 20, Lerchenberg: Sascha hautnah
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The phrase vom Tisch sein means "to resolve" something, whereas the English expression "off the table" means that something, such as an offer, is no longer valid or being considered. Beware of false friends!
Zwei Jahre hat der Bau gedauert und 1,4 Milliarden Euro hat Betreiber EnBW dafür auf den Tisch gelegt.
The construction lasted two years, and 1.4 billion euros is what the operator EnBW invested.
Captions 14-15, Windenergie Ostsee-Windpark: Baltic 2 speist Strom ins Netz ein
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If you were talking about business and said that an investor "laid 1.4 billion euros on the table," it would probably be understood, but for clarity it's best to translate auf den Tisch legen as "to invest."
Also würdest du mich jetzt hier ruhig unter den Tisch saufen können?
So, could you easily drink me under the table here now?
Caption 13, Schauspielerin: Jessica Schwarz
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This one is a double whammy since saufen (literally "to soak") is also slang. The slightly more polite version is unter den Tisch trinken, but that is easy, as the expression is identical in English!
Dann: „Jemanden über den Tisch ziehen“.
Then, "To take advantage of someone."
Caption 4, Nicos Weg: Bei uns oder bei euch?
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"To pull someone over the table" doesn't make much sense in English, though it doesn't sound like a very nice thing to do! As you see, jemanden über den Tisch ziehen means "to take advantage of someone."
Further Learning
Make up some new sentences using the expressions we just learned about and have your teacher or a fellow student check your work:
zu Tisch sein
vom Tisch sein
auf den Tisch legen
unter den Tisch trinken
über den Tisch ziehen
Afterwards go to Yabla German and watch the full videos above to see the context in which these expressions have been used.
At some point while learning German, it may have dawned on you that there isn't exactly a German equivalent for the adjective "fun." There is, of course, the noun der Spaß, which is used to describe how someone can "have fun" (Spaß haben) or something can "be fun" (Spaß machen):
Ich glaube, auch die Erwachsenen haben Spaß an dem Film.
I think adults also have fun with this film.
Caption 11, Michael Mittermeier: Hexe Lilli
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Und ich hab auch gelernt, dass es mir Spaß macht, vor der Kamera zu stehen,
And I also learned that standing in front of the camera is fun for me,
Caption 20, Anja Polzer: Interview
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The adjective spaßig does exist, but is more specific, meaning that something is either "merry" or "celebratory," or "jocular" or "playful." Es hat Spaß gemacht is therefore not really the same thing as Es war spaßig.
Und spaßig ging es auch in der Festhalle weiter.
And it continued merrily in the Festhalle too.
Caption 24, Rheinmain im Blick: Live-Entertainment-Award in Frankfurt
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In terms of adjectives, however, there are a few other contenders. The adjective lustig can mean either "funny" or "fun" depending on the context.
Es ist einfach lustig und immer wieder da zwischendurch kommt trotzdem wieder ein Fund.
It's just fun, and time and time again in between, another find is still made.
Caption 64, Ausgrabungen: Auf den Spuren der Dinosaurier
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The adjectives amüsant and unterhaltsam also play a role here, as they describe something or someone being fun in the sense of being entertaining.
Er ist sicher wahnsinnig locker und unheimlich amüsant.
I'm sure he's incredibly easygoing and incredibly entertaining.
Caption 28, Weihnachtsmann gesucht: Bist du verliebt?
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So unterhaltsam kann Lernen sein!
Learning can be so entertaining!
Caption 5, Theaterstück über gesunde Ernährung: Henrietta in Fructonia
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Für die knappe Stunde Flug ist die Außenansicht unterhaltsam genug.
For just under an hour's flight, the view outside is entertaining enough.
Caption 10, Galileo Zug vs. Flugzeug: Von München nach Berlin
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Further Learning
On Yabla German, you can find many examples of how Germans cleverly use Spaß machen and Spaß haben to describe various fun occurrences and events. What has been fun for you in the last months? How would you tell someone about it in German?
In an earlier Yabla lesson, we started discussing idioms and slang expressions for "crazy." We'll be taking a look today at some more expressions that seriously question somebody's psychological well-being. But a word of warning if you are in Germany: these expressions are insulting and may make the person you are directing them at very angry. If that person has witnesses, it's possible that they could personally file criminal charges against you, take you to court, and have you convicted for insulting them. In Germany, Beleidigung is a felony crime punishable by up to two years' imprisonment and a fine. If the person who was insulted is a police officer or other public official, either the person or their supervisor can file charges against you. In that case it's called die Beamtenbeleidigung. So much for freedom of speech! Let's take a look at a few expressions that could get you in trouble in the wrong circumstances.
Sag mal, bist du völlig verrückt geworden?
Tell me, have you completely gone crazy?
Caption 47, Großstadtrevier: Leben kommt, Leben geht
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The adjective verrückt is slang and used very commonly. It comes from a 16th century usage which meant "brought to the wrong place."
Die spinnen ja wohl. Das ist ja wahnsinnig.
They're crazy. This is insane.
Caption 38, Großstadtrevier: Nicht mit mir
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The verb spinnen was described in the previous Yabla lesson. The adjective wahnsinnig may also be translated as "crazy." It's also used in a casual sense to add emphasis, such as Das ist wahnsinnig teuer ("That is very expensive" or "That is crazy expensive"). It comes from the Old and Middle German word wan, which meant "lacking" or "empty."
Diese irre Öko-Oma wollte neulich einen echten Klimaplan verabschieden.
This crazy eco-grandma recently wanted to pass a real climate plan.
Caption 25, heute-show: Das kann die Welt beim Klimaschutz von Deutschland lernen
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The expression irre comes from an obsolete noun that meant "the wrong way" or "the wrong direction."
Seid ihr bescheuert oder was?
Are you crazy or what?
Caption 4, Lilly unter den Linden: Umzug in die DDR
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The answer to that is, "No, we're just trying to learn German!" The adjective bescheuert is derived from the verb scheuern, which means "to thoroughly scrub out" with a brush or similar cleaning tool. The less than polite suggestion is that someone's brain has been scrubbed out of their skull!
Further Learning
Make up some new sentences using the expressions discussed above and have your teacher or a fellow student check your work. Please be sure that the sentences you construct are not aimed at your fellow students or your teacher—it always pays to be polite! Go to the videos mentioned above on Yabla German to better understand the contexts in which these expressions have been used.
This week, let's have a look at the German verb halten and consider how it is combined with prefixes to make other verbs. Even by itself, the verb halten has a number of meanings. First of all, it translates as "to stop":
Nein, Peter! Du darfst ihnen nichts geben. -Halt!
No, Peter! You mustn't give them anything. -Stop!
Caption 9, Heidi: Die Mutprobe
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Halten may also mean "to hold" or "to hold onto" (also in the variation festhalten) in either a literal or figurative sense.
Und zwar dürfen Sie sich jetzt mal hier kurz festhalten. Genau.
And, that is, you may now hold onto this here for a moment. Exactly.
Caption 44, TEDx: Lebenslange Fitness
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...und dann halt die Finger so über deinen Ohren.
...and then hold your fingers over your ears like this.
Caption 112, Coronavirus: Schutzmasken zum Selbermachen
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It can also mean "to keep" or "to last." Here you can see an example with the reflexive verb sich halten:
Die Rohmilch hält sich natürlich nicht ganz so lange wie die Supermarkt-Milch.
The raw milk, of course, doesn't keep quite as long as supermarket milk.
Caption 47, Rhein-Main-TV Moderne Milchtankstelle
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The first phrase below is heard constantly these days, and is one instance in which halten means "to keep" as in "to maintain." The phrase aufrecht halten would normally be translated as "to uphold," but in this case is also better translated as "to maintain."
Wir müssen Abstand halten.
We have to maintain distance.
Caption 24, Bundesamt für Gesundheit: Coronavirus und Schulen
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Und ich leite den Einsatz und halte die Kommunikation mit den Gastronomen und Hoteliers aufrecht.
And I lead the operation and maintain the communication with the restaurants and hotels.
Captions 23-24, Schweizer Felsenputzer: suchen Nachwuchs
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"To sustain" and "to abide by" are other possible translations of halten. The structure in this example is sich an etwas halten:
Alle Einwohner und Einwohnerinnen und der Staat müssen sich an die Gesetze halten.
All inhabitants and the federal state have to abide by the law.
Captions 36-37, Bundesrepublik: Deutschland Einbürgerungstest
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Then, as is the case with many other common German verbs, there are verbs that consist of halten combined with a prefix and may have either a related or an entirely different meaning. Here are two examples:
So, was könnte Olaf Scholz noch aufhalten auf seinem Weg ins Kanzleramt?
So, what could still stop Olaf Scholz on his way to the chancellorship?
Caption 20, heute-show: Die männliche Merkel hat Erinnerungslücken
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Wie sollte sie es nur ohne ihn aushalten?
Just how was she supposed to bear it without him?
Caption 70, Märchen - Sagenhaft: Die Weiber von Weinsberg
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Further Learning
Many examples with halten and related verbs can be found on Yabla German in both reflexive and non-reflexive forms. Can you find examples with enthalten / sich enthalten, erhalten, behalten, and verhalten / sich verhalten?
Es necesario reconocer que la información gramatical sirve como complemento. Sin embargo, el uso frecuente es la mejor manera de hablar otro idioma, es decir, establecer contacto con personas nativas, con textos y con audiovisuales. Haz que tu vida cotidiana interactúe con el alemán, sumérgete en el idioma y rodéate de él.
Vayamos al argumento importante de esta lección: las declinaciones y sus casos en alemán.
Como ya dijimos en la primera parte de esta lección, hay cuatro Kasus (casos) de declinación en el alemán moderno: nominativo, genitivo, acusativo y dativo (En el aprendizaje adicional, mostrado abajo, compartimos el enlace a dicha lección)
Recuerden que:
-En gramática los casos son variaciones de forma que experimentan las palabras.
-Cada caso representa una función gramatical (sujeto, objeto, complemento) en la oración.
-Declinar es modificar la parte final de una palabra de acuerdo a un caso, así como conjugar es cuando cambiamos la parte final de los verbos.
Ejemplo:
Die Straße: la calle (sustantivo)
Hässlich: feo/a (adjetivo)
Grau: gris (color/adjetivo)
Die hässliche graue Straße: La fea calle gris. En este caso los adjetivos hässlich y grau según las reglas tiene que ser declinado y por ello se les ha agregado una “e”. Sin embargo, después del verbo sein (ser o estar) los adjetivos no se declinan.
Die Straße ist hässlich und grau
La calle es fea y gris
Subtítulo 40, Oskar - Gehen, wenn es am schönsten ist Loslassen - Part 1
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No obstante, cabe destacar que no todas las palabras en el alemán deben ser declinadas, los sustantivos sí son declinados. Nombres y pronombres (Ich, du, sie, wir, esto, aquellos, etc.) pertenecen a la categoría de los sustantivos. También artículos (der, die, das, ein, eine, etc.) y adjetivos (schön, klein, weit, modern, etc) también deben ser declinados.
Entonces, para ejemplificar lo anterior, tomemos la palabra “casa” que en alemán es un sustantivo con género neutro.
Haus: casa. (Sustantivo)
Das Haus: la casa (Artículo determinado + sustantivo)
Ein Haus: una casa (Artículo indeterminado + sustantivo)
SchönES Haus: linda casa. (Adjetivo + sustantivo. En alemán los adjetivos van siempre delante del sustantivo)
Ein schönES Haus: una linda casa (Artículo indeterminado + adjetivo + sustantivo)
Das schönE Haus: la linda casa (Artículo determinado + adjetivo + sustantivo)
Como se nota, en la palabra schön se han agregado las letras “es” y “e”, esas son las declinaciones del llamado caso nominativo que explicaremos en la próxima lección.
Also, Nominativ ist unser Subjekt, ist das klar? -Ja. -Super.
Entonces, nominativo es nuestro sujeto, ¿está claro eso? -Sí. -Estupendo.
Subtítulo 55, Deutschkurs in Tübingen Satzbau - Part 1
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A modo de resumen, puede decirse que para declinar correctamente una palabra es necesario conocer, primero que todo, su género (masculino, femenino, neutro) y su número (singular o plural). Es necesario recordar también que cuando los sustantivos, los artículos y los adjetivos se escriben juntos en una oración todos serán declinados. Por otra parte, el uso de las preposiciones (con, para, desde, por, hacia, etc.) trae consigo cambio de forma en la declinación habitual.
Solo un ejemplo introductorio al respecto:
Die Hand: la mano. (Hand es una palabra femenina, die es el artículo femenino “la”)
Mit der hand: con la mano. (Mit es la conjunción “con”, la cual al escribirse con un sustantivo femenino como Hand, obliga a que el artículo deba escribirse con la forma der.
Fortsetzung folgt… (continuará)
Aprendizaje adicional.
Luego de leer estas lecciones sobre los casos, comienza a identificar algunas cambios de forma en palabras. Haz una lista de palabras con sus artículos correspondientes y memoriza todas las que puedas, poco a poco. Te será de gran ayuda.
Asimismo, te recomendamos revisar la primera parte de esta serie de lecciones
Declinación y casos en el alemán. Primera parte. - Yabla German - Free German Lessons
La gramática alemana es muy completa y tiene infinidad de reglas que serán parte de tu vida cotidiana, la aprenderás en la práctica, pero conviene hacer consciente las reglas.
Los prefijos son una parte importante de los verbos alemanes. La adición de una partícula antes de la raíz del verbo le confiere un nuevo significado o matiz.
De hecho, no se trata de un concepto tan alejado de otros idiomas, también existen en español, por ejemplo, estimar y subestimar.
Al respecto, presta atención a los ejemplos que siguen.
Entonces para comenzar, vamos a describir qué tipo de palabras suelen anteceder a los verbos en alemán.
Muy a menudo el prefijo es una preposición:
auf, an, vor, nach, mit, bei, zu…
Verbo aufhören. Preposición: auf
Das stimmt, man sollte aufhören damit.
Es verdad, se debería dejar de hacer eso.
Subtítulo 30, Böhmermann Wie geht man als Satiriker mit Rechtspopulismus um? - Part 12
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El prefijo también puede ser un sustantivo:
Verbo teilnehmen. Sustantivo: Teil
steht eine große Messe auf dem Programm, an der traditionell auch der Papst teilnimmt.
figura en el programa una gran Misa, en la que tradicionalmente, el Papa también participa.
Subtítulos 10-11, Papst Franziskus Der neue Papst hat viel zu tun
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Asimismo, los prefijos de los verbos alemanes suelen ser un adjetivo:
Verbo fernsehen. Adjetivos: fern.
Hurra, wir können fernsehen!
Hurra, -¡Podemos ver la televisión!
Subtítulo 21, Kurzfilme NICHTLUSTIG - Part 5
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Los adverbios también se usan en el alemán como partícula que se anticipa al verbo.
Verbo zurückkommen. Adverbio: zurück.
Sie sind wütend, weil ich nicht zurückkommen will.
Están enfadados porque no quiero volver.
Subtítulo 8, Nicos Weg A2 Folge 5: Geld ist für mich…
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Aprendizaje adicional
Para finalizar esta explicación introductoria, hay que mencionar a los verbos que tienen como prefijo a otro verbo, por ejemplo, el verbo sitzenbleiben. Estos verbos pueden escribirse unidos o separados. También hay verbos con prefijos que no existen como palabra autónoma: be- emp- ent- er- ge- miss- ver- zer y que no se pueden separar del mismo.
Una característica muy importante de los verbos con prefijos es que cuando se escriben pueden dividirse en dos, es decir, el prefijo y la raíz, pueen estar en distintas partres de una oración . Todos estos contenidos se ampliarán en lecciónes sucesivas.
In English, we have a number of expressions that use the word "table," such as "to sweep something under table" (to hide something), "to take something off the table" (to make something unavailable), or "to bring something to the table" (to provide or offer a useful skill or attribute). The German language also has a wide variety of expressions relating to der Tisch. Let's take a look at some of them today!
Die Suppe aß er hübsch bei Tisch.
He ate the soup nicely at the table.
Caption 23, Kindergeschichten: Der Suppenkasper
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Of course, am Tisch is also "at the table." Depending upon the context, the expression bei Tisch could also be translated as "during the meal."
Das Thema ist endlich vom Tisch.
The issue has finally been resolved.
The German expression vom Tisch sein is kind of a false friend, because in German, it means that something is resolved or finished, which has a positive connotation. But if you say that something is "off the table" in English, it means that something (like an offer) has been withdrawn and is no longer available. A very different meaning indeed!
Ich kann den Tisch decken und Milch eingießen oder Brot holen.
I can set the table, and pour milk, or get bread.
Caption 38, Heidi: Heidis erster Tag beim Großvater
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You probably knew this one already, but it's also easy to misunderstand, since den Tisch decken translates literally as "to cover the table," which could be misinterpreted to mean to cover it with a tablecloth or something! Of course, it just means to set the table with silverware and such.
Lass die nicht im Stich, Eddie! Mach reinen Tisch.
Don't leave her in the lurch, Eddie! Make a fresh start.
Captions 34-35, Die Pfefferkörner: Endspurt
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The expression einen reinen Tisch machen is very close to the English expression "to start with a clean state," which means to start something over again despite old mistakes.
Das Angebot liegt auf dem Tisch.
The offer is on the table.
The expression auf dem Tisch liegen is pretty easy, because it has the same meaning as the English idiom: to be presented, to be put forth, to be offered, or to be shown.
Und wenn da jemand die Frauen unter den Tisch fallen lassen wollte... dann verschwinden sie eben aus der Kunstgeschichte.
And if someone, didn't want to take the women into account... then they simply disappear from art history.
Captions 30-31, Malerei: Impressionistinnen
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In English, to be paid "under the table" means that somebody is getting paid off the record, but "to fall under the table" usually just means that something got dropped on the floor! And in German, to "let something fall under the table" means that something has been omitted, ignored, is no longer considered or mentioned, or is not taken into account.
Further Learning
Make up some new sentences using the expressions we just learned about and have your teacher or a fellow student check your work:
bei Tisch
vom Tisch sein
den Tisch decken
einen reinen Tisch machen
auf dem Tischen liegen
unter den Tisch fallen lassen
Afterwards go to Yabla German and watch the full videos above to see the context in which these expressions have been used.
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